胡敏·英语十遍阅读法详解

总体说来，十遍阅读法可以分为五个层次，每一遍都有极强的目的性，都有各自的侧重点。第一遍阅读重在训练阅读速度和理解能力；第二到第五遍从词语角度学习文章；第六到第七遍从句子层面进行突破；第八遍着重研究段落；最后两遍的阅读在篇章方面总体把握文章。
　　下面以“Self－Help Pioneer Dale Carnegie” 这篇文章作为范例，阐述十遍阅读法的具体运用。
《Self－help Pioneer Dale Carnegie》
　　He Won Friends And Influenced Many People
　　If ever there were a sad sack who needed the keep－your－chin－up advice of Dale Carnegie (1888-1955), it was Dale Carnegie.
　　Until he published How to Win Friends and Influence People in 1936, the founding guru of the self－help movement had failed at almost everything he‘d ever tried, professionally and personally.
[guru: a teacher and especially intellectual guide in matters of fundamental concern ]
　　He never graduated from college. He tried careers in farming, teaching, salesmanship, acting, journalism and novel writing; all flopped. His first marriage ended in a bitter divorce. He lost most of his savings in the stock market crash of 1929.
[flop: to fail completely ]
　　His failures often left him depressed. Once he was even suicidal. But his failures made him fascinated with successful people. What exactly did they do? What were their methods?
　　Carnegie decided it was simple self-confidence. All it needed was to be built up and constantly reinforced.
　　He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
　　That wasn't easy for him, either. Carnegie was an intensely shy man who never completely overcame his own fear of public speaking.
　　Yet an estimated 50 million copies of his books have been sold in dozens of languages. His training courses continue to thrive nationwide, having taught more than 7 million people.
　　Success at self-help was something he had to work at hard and learn as much as anyone else.
　　Great Role Models
　　So he looked to those he most admired. His most famous books rely on quotations from and stories about Abe Lincoln, Benjamin Franklin and other wise figures.
　　“I realize now that healthy people don't write books on health. It is the sick person who becomes interested in health. And in the same way, people who have a natural gift for diplomacy don't write books on How to Win Friends and Influence People. The reason I wrote the book was because I have blundered so often myself, that I began to study the subject for the good of my soul.” Carnegie said in 1937.
[blunder: to make a mistake through stupidity, ignorance, or carelessness]
　　At least 15 million copies of the book have been sold since then, *** it one of the most purchased books of the 20th century.
　　Carnegie was born in rural Missouri. His real name was Dale Carnagey. Despite rumors, he wasn't related to steel magnate Andrew Carnegie.
　　He grew up in grinding poverty. He was painfully shy because of his shabby clothes and down-home ways.
　　“I worried for fear girls would laugh at me if I tipped my hat to them.” he wrote in How to Stop Worrying and Start Living, his other bestseller.
[tip: to raise and tilt forward in salute ]
　　The turning point in his life came when Carnegie encountered the Chautauqua movement. It was a late 19th century religious movement that prompted spiritual health through adult education.
　　Carnegie noticed the ability of the Chautauqua lecturers to enthrall crowds with their strong words. Carnegie began practicing, lecturing the livestock in his father's barn for hours on the subjects of the day.
[enthrall: to hold in or reduce to slavery; to hold spellbound ]
[livestock: animals kept or raised for use or pleasure]
　　To test his public mettle, he then entered debate contests in school. The first time out, he lost. He lost the second time, too, and several other attempts after that.
　　But he kept trying, and after several attempts, he won. Other victories followed, and soon he built up enough confidence to hold forth on any topic.
　　Confronting Fears
　　Carnegie's experience taught him that the only way to overcome fears was to confront them and not be discouraged by initial failures.
　　It was a lesson he needed.
　　Carnegie's first jobs were as a traveling salesman. He sold everything from correspondence courses to hog lard. It was hard work, the hardest part being interacting with people and convincing them to buy his stuff. Those who could interact well succeeded more often than not, he noted.
　　It was the same thing with his brief acting career. Every night, he had to give the same performance to a new bunch of strangers- and make it convincing. Journalism and novel writing were similar above all, he had to make his audience interested in what he had to say.
　　That can't be done if the person trying to do the convincing doesn't believe what he's saying. Self-confidence, he reasoned, was the key not just in these pursuits but also in everything else.
　　Eventually, he got a job at the YMCA teaching the one thing he knew he could do: public speaking.
　　The YMCA was hesitant about giving him the job. It didn't think Carnegie's course was worth the $2 a night salary he requested. To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission. Soon he was pulling in $30 a night.
　　The essence of Carnegie's job was getting his students to confront their fears of public speaking. Night after night, he simply made his students talk.
　　“The way to develop self-confidence, he said, is to do the thing you fear to do and get a record of successful experiences behind you,” wrote Lowell Thomas, a friend of Carnegie's, in the original introduction of How to Win Friends and Influence people.
　　Carnegie's books evolved from the speaking courses he taught. He collected the tales, anecdotes and aphorisms he used in a single volume. He wrote them in part because there were no other books he could rely on.

第一遍阅读：通篇快速浏览，捕捉全文大意
　　第一遍阅读的目的在于获取文章的主要信息，提高阅读效率，所以在阅读过程中，要抛开词典，保持阅读的连贯性和完整性。我们可以用大致十分钟的时间完成该文章的快速阅读，捕捉内容大意。这是一篇关于戴尔卡耐基的成功历程的短文。他体验过早年事业和个人生活的种种挫折，找到成功人士成功的关键，即自信，然后自强不息，百折不回，克服自身性格中的弱点，逐步成为演讲教师，著书立说。在这一遍阅读中，一定会遇到一些语言障碍，包括陌生的词汇和生疏的表达，但要尽量避免因词害义。总之，第一遍阅读的要点是忽略细节，着眼总体。对于语言障碍，可以根据上下文语境进行猜测和推断。对文章逐层深入的理解有待于后面的步骤。



第二遍阅读：归纳形容词与名词的搭配
　　二到五遍是从词的伙伴关系层面加以把握，超越传统的模式，即超越把单词作为孤立的语言单位进行记忆和学习的模式。在英语学习中，最有效的语言单位不是单词，而是由单词搭配而构成的词组、短语。You don't truly know a word until you have a clear idea of its partnership.（弄清词的伙伴关系之前你是无法真正了解一个词的含义的。）学习者们之所以往往感到大量掌握单词之后仍然在口语和书面表达中不会灵活使用，根本原因就在于学习时忽略了词语之间内在的伙伴关系，没有掌握单词的具体用法。英文词语之间的搭配潜力无穷、灵活多变，只有留意观察，才能确实掌握，才能达到灵活运用的境界。否则，仅凭机械记忆，背下再多的单词也是徒劳。
　　英语中的形容词表意功能极强，而且数量丰富。一方面，同一个形容词往往可以修饰许多不同的名词，表达完全不同的含义，如heavy，它的词义远不止“沉重的”，仅举几个搭配为例：heavy news（令人忧虑的消息），heavy fighting（激战），heavy demand（苛求），heavy fate（悲惨的命运），heavy schedule（排得很紧的日程表），heavy casualties（惨重的伤亡），heavy applause（热烈的鼓掌）等。另一方面，不同的形容词可以修饰同一个名词，传达类似的含义，如表达“浓厚的兴趣”，习惯上great， active，lively，deep，keen，intense，enormous等都可以和interest构成搭配。如果在阅读中注意积累，必将极大地丰富我们的积极词汇。
　　下面是例文中关于形容词与名词的精彩搭配。
　　①His first marriage ended in a bitter divorce.
　　bitter divorce ：痛苦的离异
　　②He grew up in grinding poverty.
　　grinding poverty ：极度贫困
　　③He was painfully shy because of his shabby clothes and down-home ways.
　　shabby clothes ：破破烂烂的衣服
　　down-home ways ：土里土气的样子
　　④Carnegie noticed the ability of the Chautauqua lecturers to enthrall crowds with their strong words.
　　 strong words：激昂的文字



第三遍阅读：总结动词与名词的搭配
　　动宾搭配明显地体现出英语约定俗成的特点，如同样表示“提高”，不同的名词和不同的动词互相匹配：develop a skill（提高技能），raise the standard（提高水平），enhance reputation（提高声誉）。此外，在英语的所有词性中，动词最为活跃，大量的动词具有强大的伙伴关系和组词功能，如kill: kill time（消磨时间），kill pain（止痛），kill the cigarette（掐灭香烟），kill the resolution（撤销决议），kill a news story（搁置一则新闻报道）等。
　　现将本文中有关动词与名词的搭配总结如下：
　　①Carnegie decided it was simple self-confidence. All it needed was to be built up and constantly reinforced.
　　build up and reinforce self-confidence ：树立并增强自信
　　②He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
　　compile observations ：将观察结果写成书
　　③Carnegie was an intensely shy man who never completely overcame his own fear of public speaking.
　　overcome fear ：克服恐惧
　　④The turning point in his life came when Carnegie encountered the Chautauqua movement.
　　encounter the movement ：偶然遇到这场运动
　　⑤It was a late 19th century religious movement that prompted spiritual health through adult education.
　　prompt spiritual health ：促进精神健康
　　⑥Carnegie noticed the ability of the Chautauqua lecturers to enthrall crowds with their strong words.
　　enthrall crowds ：迷住听众，征服听众
　　⑦To test his public mettle, he then entered debate contests in school.
　　test sb's public mettle ：考验某人面对公众的勇气
　　enter debate contests ：参加辩论竞赛
　　⑧To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission.
　　strike a deal ：达成协议
　　⑨The essence of Carnegie's job was getting his students to confront their fears of public speaking.
　　confront one's fears ：勇敢地面对恐惧
　　⑩The way to develop self-confidence, he said, is to do the thing you fear to do ...
　　develop self-confidence ：培养自信



第四遍阅读：总结大副词与动词、形容词的搭配使用
　　大副词主要指表示方式和程度的副词。英语学习者普遍不善于使用大副词。英语副词具有语意丰富的特点，副词的使用往往会使文字言简意赅，增强表达力度，试体会：follow willy-nilly（愿意也好不愿意也罢，只能照办），frighteningly evident（明显到令人吃惊的地步），可见学会把握这类词语的伙伴关系对提高英语表达能力意义有多么重大。
　　请注意例文中重要的相关搭配：
　　1. 动词+大副词
　　①...the founding guru of the self-help movement had failed at almost everything he'd ever tried, professionally and personally.
　　fail professionally and personally ： 在做人和做事方面都未成功
　　②All it needed was to be built up and constantly reinforced.
　　constantly reinforce ：不断增强
　　2. 形容词+大副词
　　①Carnegie was an intensely shy man ...
　　intensely shy ：极为羞怯的
　　②He was painfully shy ...
　　painfully shy ：令人难堪的腼腆



第五遍阅读：查找带介词的短语
　　介词在英语中的使用频率极高，因此英语被称为介词的语言。相比之下，汉语则少用介词。介词在词汇之间起着纽带的作用。大部分英语介词在实际应用中体现出约定俗成、固定搭配的特点，如suburbs和outskirts词义相近，但前者和in搭配，后者则和on搭配。介词是英语学习中的拦路虎，学习者在表达时经常出现误用的情况。将介词纳入阅读任务之一，在词语的伙伴关系中学习介词不仅非常必要，而且效果十分明显。
　　本篇英文中各类词性与介词的习惯搭配如下：
　　1. 动词+介词
　　①...the founding guru of the self-help movement had failed at almost everything he'd ever tried, ...
　　fail at ：在……方面失败
　　②His first marriage ended in a bitter divorce.
　　end in ：以……告终
　　③He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
　　interact with ：和……交往
　　④Success at self-help was something he had to work at hard ...
　　work at ：对……下功夫，致力于
　　⑤So he looked to those he most admired.
　　look to ：依靠，指望
　　⑥His most famous books rely on quotations ...
　　rely on ：依赖
　　⑦Carnegie's books evolved from the speaking courses he taught.
　　evolve from ：从……发展而成
　　2. 名词+介词（或介词+名词）
　　①Success at self-help was something he had to work at hard ...
　　success at ：在……方面的成功
　　②He grew up in grinding poverty.
　　in poverty ：在贫困之中
　　③I worried for fear girls would laugh at me ...
　　for fear ：生怕
　　④..., he struck a deal to work on commission.
　　on commission ：抽取佣金
　　⑤He wrote them in part because there were no other books he could rely on.
　　in part ：部分地
　　3. 形容词+介词
　　①Despite rumors, he wasn't related to steel magnate Andrew Carnegie.
　　related to ：和……有亲缘关系的
　　②The YMCA was hesitant about giving him the job.
　　hesitant about ：不情愿的

第六遍阅读：体会英文语序，注意英汉比较
　　语序分为词法和句法两个方面，英汉两种语言在这两个方面均存在显著差异。如在词法方面，几个形容词共同修饰同一个名词，英文有较严格的规定，一般规律是主观描述性的形容词在先，表明客观性质的形容词在后，体现出英文思维先主体，后客体的特点。英汉词序错位的表达比比皆是，这是不同的语言表达习惯导致的结果，如back and forth（来来回回），black and white（白纸黑字），flesh and blood（血肉之躯），joys and sorrows（苦乐悲喜），weal and woe（祸福甘苦）。在句法方面，英汉语序的差别更为明显，总体规律是，英语语义重心多在前，汉语语义重心常在后，比如定语从句要处于中心词之后，翻译成汉语则往往置于中心词之前。
　　现摘录文章中的一些典型表达，试比较英语与汉语的语序差异。
　　1. 词法方面
　　..., the founding guru of the self-help movement had failed at almost everything he'd ever tried, professionally and personally.
　　比较：在做人和做事方面
　　2. 句法方面
　　①The turning point in his life came when Carnegie encountered the Chautauqua movement.
　　比较：当卡耐基偶然碰上肖托夸夏季教育集会运动，他人生的转折点出现了。
　　②That can't be done if the person trying to do the convincing doesn't believe what he's saying.
　　比较：如果劝说别人的人连自己说的话都不相信，你是无法打动人的。



第七遍阅读：研究句子开端，追求表达变化
　　优秀的英语句子错落有致，形式多变。写好英语句子，关键在于如何起笔。有的学习者写作文，通篇的句子都以指人的名词或代词做主语，写出的文章枯燥呆板，缺乏活力。如表达“我想到了一个绝妙的主意”，很多人只会写 “I thought of a smart idea.”殊不知，如果用指事的名词做主语，写成 “A smart idea occurred to me.” 效果更好。学会句子如何开头，可以有效地避免表达的单调乏味，平铺直叙，增加句子形式上的变化和语言的感染力。只要在阅读中多加留意，善于总结，就会发现英语句子开头的写作手段多种多样，不拘一格。句子的开端部分可以是形式代词、主语从句、介词短语、状语从句、非谓语动词、承上启下的连接词，不一而足。
　　这篇英文中句子开端有特色的如：
　　1.　形式代词开头
　　① It was a late 19th century religious movement that prompted spiritual health through adult education.
　　正是19世纪末的一场宗教运动通过成年教育促进了精神健康。
　　② It was the same thing with his brief acting career.
　　他短暂的演艺生涯情况也是如此。
　　2.　介词短语开头
　　Despite rumors, he wasn't related to steel magnate Andrew Carnegie.
　　尽管有传闻，他和钢铁巨头安德鲁卡耐基并无亲缘关系。
　　3.　非谓语动词开头
　　①To test his public mettle, he then entered debate contests in school.
　　为了考验他面对公众的勇气，他参加了学校的辩论比赛。
　　②To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission.
　　为了说服基督教青年会的官员，他与他们达成协议，干活只拿佣金。
　　4.　时间状语开头
　　①Every night, he had to give the same performance to a new bunch of strangers — and make it convincing.
　　每天晚上，他都必须为一群素不相识的人表演同样的节目——并且要使演出具有说服力。
　　②Night after night, he simply made his students talk.
　　一个晚上接一个晚上，他只是让学生们说个不停。
　　5. 状语从句开头
　　①If ever there were a sad sack who needed the keep-your-chin-up advice of Dale Carnegie (1888-1955), it was Dale Carnegie.
　　如果曾经有人一事无成，需要戴尔卡耐基的鼓励和忠告，那个人就是当初的戴尔卡耐基。
　　② Until he published How to Win Friends and Influence People in 1936, the founding guru of the self-help movement had failed at almost everything he d ever tried, professionally and personally.
　　直到1936年出版《如何赢得朋友和影响他人》，这位自助运动的先驱几乎做什么都一败涂地，无论是做人还是做事。



第八遍阅读：透析句子之间联系，学会运用衔接手段
　　英语句子之间除了内在的逻辑联系之外，还十分注重外在形式上的各种衔接，因为英语不同于汉语，它是一种形合的语言。概括起来，句子之间的衔接手段有三大类：代词衔接，即使用代词作为衔接手段；时间衔接，即使用表示时间的词语作为衔接手段；逻辑关系词语衔接，即使用表示因果、转折、递近、类似等关系的连接词语作为衔接手段。
　　现将例文中句子的衔接手段总结如下：
　　1.　代词衔接
　　①He sold everything from correspondence courses to hog lard. It was hard work.
　　他什么都推销过，从函授课程到猪油，这工作很不容易。
　　②He lost the second time, too, and several other attempts after that.
　　第二次他又失败了，此后的几次尝试还是失败。
　　2. 时间衔接
　　①He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
　　这个问题他研究了多年，后来把自己的观察结果写成了他那本关于演讲和与人交往的经典著作。
　　②To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission. Soon he was pulling in $30 a night.
　　为了说服基督教青年会的官员，他与他们达成协议，干活只拿佣金。很快他就能赚到一晚30美元。
　　3.　逻辑关系词语衔接
　　①Once he was even suicidal. But his failures made him fascinated with successful people.
　　他甚至一度想过轻生。但是失败让他对成功人士产生了强烈兴趣。
　　②It is the sick person who becomes interested in health. And in the same way, people who have a natural gift for diplomacy don't write books on How to Win Friends and Influence People.
　　只有疾病缠身的人才关注健康。同样地，天生善于为人处世的人不会写《如何赢得朋友和影响他人》这样的书。



第九遍阅读：把握段落过渡手段，领会文章严谨布局
　　两个段落之间，往往有起承上启下、起承转合作用的词语，使上下段落的过渡自然流畅，也使上下文衔接紧密。有些英语学习者虽有段落过渡意识，但缺乏语言手段，比如只会套用firstly, secondly, thirdly或者in the first place, in the second place, in the final analysis这样的固定模式，使文章结构显得生硬刻板。最好的方式是在阅读中注意积累，在写作中刻意模仿。与句子之间的衔接手段类似，段落之间的过渡手段主要包括代词过渡、时间词语过渡和逻辑关系词语过渡，此外，还有其它一些手段，如定冠词过渡、形容词过渡等。
　　1.　代词过渡　
　　①That wasn't easy for him, either. （That指代上段情况。）
　　那件事对他来说也不容易。
　　②That can't be done if the person trying to do the convincing doesn't believe what he's saying.
　　(That指代上段的“he had to make his audience interested in what he had to say.”)
　　如果劝说别人的人连自己的话都不相信，你是无法打动人的。
　　2. 时间词语过渡　
　　①At least 15 million copies of the book have been sold since then, ...
　　(Then指上段末尾处的1937年。)
　　从那以后，他的书至少卖了1 500万册，……
　　②Eventually, he got a job at the YMCA teaching the one thing he knew he could do: public speaking.
　　最终，他在基督教青年会得到一份工作，讲授他知道他惟一能做的一件事：公众演说。
　　3. 逻辑关系词语过渡
　　① Yet an estimated 50 million copies of his books have been sold in dozens of languages.
　　可是，据说他的书卖了5,000万册左右，而且有十几种语言的版本。
　　② So he looked to those he most admired. 因此他就指望他最崇拜的那些人。
　　③ But he kept trying, and after several attempts, he won.
　　然而他一直尝试着，几次之后他终于成功了。
　　4.　形容词过渡
　　It was the same thing with his brief acting career.
　　他的短暂的演员生涯结局同样如此。



第十遍阅读：撷取语言精华，摘录文字亮点
　　提高英语写作能力不是闭门造车，而是有赖于“三善”原则，即善于积累，善于模仿，善于借鉴。文章中的精彩表达不能让其成为过眼烟云，应努力据为己有，为我所用。文字亮点包括两个层面：其一，语言表达的铿锵字句、文采飞扬之处；其二，思想哲理的意味深长、耐人寻味之笔。
　　本文中的亮点不乏其例，从中我们既可以领悟到语言的强大魅力，也能够感受到思想内涵的无穷启迪。
　　1.　语言表达层面
　　①If ever there were a sad sack who needed the keep-your-chin-up advice of Dale Carnegie, it was Dale Carnegie.
　　如果曾经有人一事无成，需要戴尔卡耐基的鼓励和忠告，那个人就是当初的戴尔卡耐基。
　　②His failures often left him depressed.
　　他屡遭失败，经常令他抑郁消沉。
　　③Yet an estimated 50 million copies of his books have been sold in dozens of languages.
　　可是，据说他的书卖了5,000万册，而且有十几种语言的版本。
　　④Those who could interact well succeeded more often than not, he noted.
　　他注意到，善于交际的人往往会取得成功。
　　⑤Every night, he had to give the same performance to a new bunch of strangers — and make it convincing.
　　每天晚上，他都必须为一群素不相识的人表演同样的节目——并且使演出具有说服力。
　　2. 思想哲理层面
　　①I realize now that healthy people don't write books on health. It is the sick person who becomes interested in health. And in the same way, people who have a natural gift for diplomacy don't write books on How to Win Friends and Influence People. The reason I wrote the book was because I have blundered so often myself, that I began to study the subject for the good of my soul.
　　现在我认识到，身体健康的人不会写有关健康的书，只有疾病缠身的人才关注健康。同样地，天生善于为人处世的人不会写《如何赢得朋友和影响他人》这样的书。我之所以写这本书是因为我自己曾经饱受挫折，我开始研究这个课题是为了抚慰自己的心灵。
　　②Carnegie's experience taught him that the only way to overcome fears was to confront them and not be discouraged by initial failures.
　　卡耐基的经历告诉他，克服恐惧的惟一方式是勇敢地面对恐惧，不要因为最初的失败而气馁。
　　③Self-confidence, he reasoned, was the key not just in these pursuits but also in everything else.
　　他认为，自信不仅是这些事情、而且是所有其他事情的关键所在。
　　④The way to develop self-confidence, he said, is to do the thing you fear to do and get a record of successful experiences behind you.
　　他说，培养自信的方式就是去做你不敢做的事情，然后积累成功经验。